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research article

Hadamard product in deep learning: Introduction, Advances and Challenges

Chrysos, Grigorios G.
•
Wu, Yongtao  
•
Pascanu, Razvan
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2025
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence

While convolution and self-attention mechanisms have dominated architectural design in deep learning, this survey examines a fundamental yet understudied primitive: the Hadamard product. Despite its widespread implementation across various applications, the Hadamard product has not been systematically analyzed as a core architectural primitive. We present the first comprehensive taxonomy of its applications in deep learning, identifying four principal domains: higher-order correlation, multimodal data fusion, dynamic representation modulation, and efficient pairwise operations. The Hadamard product's ability to model nonlinear interactions with linear computational complexity makes it particularly valuable for resource-constrained deployments and edge computing scenarios. We demonstrate its natural applicability in multimodal fusion tasks, such as visual question answering, and its effectiveness in representation masking for applications including image inpainting and pruning. This systematic review not only consolidates existing knowledge about the Hadamard product's role in deep learning architectures but also establishes a foundation for future architectural innovations. Our analysis reveals the Hadamard product as a versatile primitive that offers compelling trade-offs between computational efficiency and representational power, positioning it as a crucial component in the deep learning toolkit.

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Type
research article
DOI
10.1109/TPAMI.2025.3560423
Scopus ID

2-s2.0-105002760773

Author(s)
Chrysos, Grigorios G.
•
Wu, Yongtao  
•
Pascanu, Razvan
•
Torr, Philip
•
Cevher, Volkan  orcid-logo
Date Issued

2025

Published in
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Subjects

deep learning

•

gating mechanism

•

Hadamard product

•

high-order correlations

•

masking

•

multimodal fusion

•

representation learning

Peer reviewed

REVIEWED

Written at

EPFL

EPFL units
LIONS  
Available on Infoscience
April 29, 2025
Use this identifier to reference this record
https://infoscience.epfl.ch/handle/20.500.14299/249514
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