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  4. Transmission dynamics of Norovirus GII and Enterovirus in Switzerland during the COVID-19 pandemic (2021-2022) as evidenced in wastewater
 
research article

Transmission dynamics of Norovirus GII and Enterovirus in Switzerland during the COVID-19 pandemic (2021-2022) as evidenced in wastewater

Huisman, Jana
•
Torii, Shotaro  
•
Wynn, Htet Kyi  
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August 8, 2025
Epidemics

Noroviruses and enteroviruses are major causes of endemic gastrointestinal disease associated with substantial disease burden. However, viral gastroenteritis is often diagnosed based on symptoms, with etiology infrequently tested or reported, so little information exists on community-level transmission dynamics. In this study, we demonstrate that norovirus (NoV) genogroup II and enterovirus (EV) viral loads in wastewater reveal transmission dynamics of these viruses. We report NoV and EV concentrations in wastewater from 363 samples between December 5 2020 and October 10 2022 (sampled every second day). Virus concentrations in wastewater were low during 2021, and increased in 2022. Wastewater recapitulated periods of increased clinical cases, and also identified silent waves of transmission. We used the measured wastewater loads to estimate the effective reproductive number (R e). The R e for both NoV and EV peaked between 1.1 and 1.2. However, the usual seasonality of NoV transmission was upended by non-pharmaceutical interventions implemented to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to correlated transmission dynamics of NoV GII and EV during 2021-2022. This highlights the use of wastewater to understand transmission dynamics of endemic enteric viruses and estimate relevant epidemiological parameters, including R e .

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Type
research article
DOI
10.1016/j.epidem.2025.100851
Author(s)
Huisman, Jana
Torii, Shotaro  
Wynn, Htet Kyi  

EPFL

Gan, Charles  
Voellmy, Irene
Huber, Michael
Julian, Timothy R.  
Kohn, Tamar  

EPFL

Date Issued

2025-08-08

Publisher

Elsevier BV

Published in
Epidemics
Volume

52

Article Number

100851

Editorial or Peer reviewed

REVIEWED

Written at

EPFL

EPFL units
LEV  
FunderFunding(s)Grant NumberGrant URL

Human Frontier Science Program

LT0045/2023-L

Bundesamt für Gesundheit

Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung

196538

Available on Infoscience
August 21, 2025
Use this identifier to reference this record
https://infoscience.epfl.ch/handle/20.500.14299/253380
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