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research article

Mechanistic Study of the N-Formylation of Amines with Carbon Dioxide and Hydrosilanes

Hulla, Martin  
•
Laurenczy, Gabor  
•
Dyson, Paul J.  
November 1, 2018
ACS Catalysis

N-formylation of amines with CO2 and hydrosilane reducing agents proceeds via fast and complex chemical equilibria, which hinder easy analysis of the reaction pathways. In situ reaction monitoring and kinetic studies reveal that three proposed pathways, via direct- and amine assisted formoxysilane formation (pathways 1 and 2, respectively) and via a silylcarbamate intermediate (pathway 3), are possible depending on the reaction conditions and the substrates. While pathway 1 is favored for non-nucleophilic amines in the absence of a catalyst, a base catalyst results in noninnocent behavior of the amine in the CO2 reduction step toward the formoxysilane intermediate. The reaction pathway is altered by strongly nucleophilic amines, which form stable adducts with CO2. Silylcarbamate intermediates form, which can be directly reduced to the N-formylated products by excess hydrosilane. Nevertheless, without excess hydrosilane, the silylcarbamate is an additional intermediate en route to formoxysilanes along pathway 2. Exchange NMR spectroscopy (EXSY) revealed extensive substituent exchange around the hydrosilane silicon center, which confirms its activation during the reaction and supports the proposed reaction mechanisms. Numerous side reactions were also identified, which help to establish the reaction equilibria in the N-formylation reactions.

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Type
research article
DOI
10.1021/acscatal.8b03274
Web of Science ID

WOS:000449723900076

Author(s)
Hulla, Martin  
Laurenczy, Gabor  
Dyson, Paul J.  
Date Issued

2018-11-01

Published in
ACS Catalysis
Volume

8

Issue

11

Start page

10619

End page

10630

Subjects

Chemistry, Physical

•

Chemistry

•

carbon dioxide

•

reduction

•

n-formylation

•

hydrosilane

•

ionic liquid

•

catalysis

•

reductive functionalization

•

heterocyclic carbene

•

catalytic methylation

•

room-temperature

•

mild conditions

•

formic-acid

•

1 atm

•

si-h

•

co2

•

formamides

Editorial or Peer reviewed

REVIEWED

Written at

EPFL

EPFL units
LCOM  
Available on Infoscience
December 13, 2018
Use this identifier to reference this record
https://infoscience.epfl.ch/handle/20.500.14299/151871
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