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research article

Novelty as a drive of human exploration in complex stochastic environments

Modirshanechi, Alireza  
•
Lin, Wei-Hsiang  
•
Xu, He A.
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September 25, 2025
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

In order to find extrinsic rewards, humans explore their environment even if exploration requires several intermediate, reward-free decisions. It has been hypothesized that intrinsic rewards, such as novelty, surprise, or information gain, guide this reward-free exploration. However, in artificial agents, different intrinsic reward signals induce exploration strategies that respond differently to stochasticity. In particular, some strategies are vulnerable to the “noisy TV problem,” i.e., an attraction to irrelevant stochastic stimuli. Here, we ask whether humans exhibit a similar attraction to reward-free stochasticity. We design a multistep decision-making paradigm in which participants search for rewarding states in a complex environment containing a highly stochastic but reward-free subregion. We show that i) participants persistently explore the stochastic subregion, and ii) their decisions are best explained by a novelty-driven exploration strategy, compared to alternatives driven by information gain or surprise. Our findings suggest that novelty and extrinsic rewards jointly control human exploration in complex environments.

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Type
research article
DOI
10.1073/pnas.2502193122
Author(s)
Modirshanechi, Alireza  

École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

Lin, Wei-Hsiang  

École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

Xu, He A.

École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

Herzog, Michael H.  

École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

Gerstner, Wulfram  

École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

Date Issued

2025-09-25

Publisher

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Published in
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Volume

122

Issue

39

Article Number

e2502193122

Editorial or Peer reviewed

REVIEWED

Written at

EPFL

EPFL units
LCN1  
LPSY  
FunderFunding(s)Grant NumberGrant URL

Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung

CRSII2 147636

Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung

CRSII2 147636

Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung

200020 184615

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Available on Infoscience
October 3, 2025
Use this identifier to reference this record
https://infoscience.epfl.ch/handle/20.500.14299/254623
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