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  4. Exploiting Two‐Photon Lithography, Deposition, and Processing to Realize Complex 3D Magnetic Nanostructures
 
review article

Exploiting Two‐Photon Lithography, Deposition, and Processing to Realize Complex 3D Magnetic Nanostructures

Askey, Joseph
•
van den Berg, Arjen
•
Gomez, Sandra Ruiz
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November 3, 2025
Advanced Functional Materials

The integration of two‐photon lithography (TPL) with magnetic material processing has opened transformative avenues for designing and realizing 3D functional nanomagnetic systems. This review presents a comprehensive overview of how TPL can be leveraged to fabricate 3D architectures that harness magnetism. The fundamental physics of TPL is examined, and recent advances in voxel engineering, resolution, and throughput are reviewed. Emerging strategies for magnetic functionalization, including physical vapor deposition, electrodeposition, conformal coating, and direct writing of magnetic nanostructures and composites, are thoroughly examined in the context of the functional material systems they enable. Applications in 3D nanomagnetism, such as artificial spin ices for neuromorphics, magnetic racetracks, and magnetic microrobots, are highlighted to demonstrate the versatility of TPL‐based fabrication platforms. Finally, a forward‐looking perspective is provided, which provides future research directions and associated challenges, including the integration of antiferromagnets, spin‐caloritronic materials, and altermagnets, as well as the development of neuromorphic magnetic architectures. In doing so, TPL is positioned as an essential method in the development of technologies based upon next‐generation 3D functional magnetic materials.

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Type
review article
DOI
10.1002/adfm.202516383
Author(s)
Askey, Joseph

Cardiff University

van den Berg, Arjen

Cardiff University

Gomez, Sandra Ruiz

ALBA Synchrotron (Spain)

Donnelly, Claire

Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids

Grundler, Dirk  

EPFL

Ladak, Sam

Cardiff University

Date Issued

2025-11-03

Publisher

Wiley

Published in
Advanced Functional Materials
Article Number

e16383

Start page

1

End page

30

Subjects

additive manufacturing

•

3D printing

•

two-photon lithography

•

atomic layer deposition

•

nanomagnetism

Editorial or Peer reviewed

REVIEWED

Written at

EPFL

EPFL units
LMGN  
FunderFunding(s)Grant NumberGrant URL

Swiss National Science Foundation

Synthesis and functionalities of nanoscale magnonic superstructures

197360

https://data.snf.ch/grants/grant/197360

Leverhulme Trust

RPG‐2021‐139

European Research Council

3DNANOQUANT 101116043

Available on Infoscience
November 3, 2025
Use this identifier to reference this record
https://infoscience.epfl.ch/handle/20.500.14299/255472
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