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research article

Long-term performance of low-cost free chlorine sensors to monitor on-site water reuse

Herold, Gaétan  
•
Rodino, Francesca  
•
Prévoteau, Antonin
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June 30, 2025
Water Science & Technology

Water scarcity increasingly challenges the supply of sufficient quantities of safe water for human consumption. On-site water reuse systems can contribute to mitigating the effects of water scarcity by closing water cycles locally. However, broader adoption of on-site water reuse is constrained by the high cost of water quality monitoring. This work demonstrates the successful design and validation of low-cost chlorine amperometric sensors for long-term monitoring using Prussian blue-coated screen-printed carbon electrodes. The study is relevant for practice, as testing was conducted in a water reuse system treating real greywater and municipal wastewater. The sensors achieved a relatively stable sensitivity of 8.55 ± 1.19 μA/(ppm⋅cm2) for HOCl after a 3-day stabilization period and maintained a sensitivity of 3.72 μA/(ppm⋅cm2) after 1 month. The sensors exhibited a linear dynamic range from 0.3 to 5 ppm for hypochlorous acid (R2 > 0.95). This study highlights the potential of Prussian blue-coated sensors as a practical solution for continuous chlorine monitoring in on-site water reuse applications. The findings encourage further research to improve durability and scalability to optimise the sensors for applications where low-cost sensing solutions are needed without personnel on-site for regular sensor maintenance and calibration.

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Type
research article
DOI
10.2166/wst.2025.090
Author(s)
Herold, Gaétan  

École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

Rodino, Francesca  

École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

Prévoteau, Antonin

Centre for Advanced Process Technology for Urban Resource Recovery

Carrara, Sandro  

École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

Reynaert, Eva

Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology

Date Issued

2025-06-30

Publisher

IWA Publishing

Published in
Water Science & Technology
Editorial or Peer reviewed

REVIEWED

Written at

EPFL

EPFL units
SCI-STI-SC  
FunderFunding(s)Grant NumberGrant URL

École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

internal funding

Eidgenössische Anstalt für Wasserversorgung Abwasserreinigung und Gewässerschutz

internal funding

Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung

P500PN_222308

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Available on Infoscience
July 4, 2025
Use this identifier to reference this record
https://infoscience.epfl.ch/handle/20.500.14299/251904
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