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research article

3D printing of self-healing longevous multi-sensory e-skin

Georgopoulou, Antonia
•
Lee, Sudong  
•
Dai, Benhui  
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December 1, 2025
Communications Materials

Electrically conductive hydrogels can simulate the sensory capabilities of natural skin, such that they are well-suited for electronic skin. Unfortunately, currently available electronic skin cannot detect multiple stimuli in a selective manner. Inspired by the deep eutectic solvent chemistry of the frog Lithobates Sylvaticus, we introduce a double network granular organogel capable of simultaneously detecting mechanical deformation, structural damage, changes in ambient temperature, and humidity. The deep eutectic solvent chemistry adds an additional benefit: Thanks to strong hydrogen bonding, our sensor can recover 97% of the Young’s modulus after being damaged. The sensing performance and self-healing capacity are maintained within a temperature range of −20 °C to 50 °C for at least 2 weeks. We exploit the granular nature of this system to direct ink to write a cm-sized frog and e-skin wearables. We realize selective tactile perception by training recurrent neural networks to achieve sensory stimulus classification between the temperature and strain with 98% accuracy.

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Name

10.1038_s43246-025-00839-7.pdf

Type

Main Document

Version

http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85

Access type

openaccess

License Condition

CC BY

Size

2.7 MB

Format

Adobe PDF

Checksum (MD5)

a1fd77693d62b1d646f7c4970f961e79

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