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research article

Does provable absence of barren plateaus imply classical simulability?

Cerezo, M.
•
Larocca, Martín
•
García-Martín, Diego
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August 25, 2025
Nature Communications

A large amount of effort has recently been put into understanding the barren plateau phenomenon. In this perspective article, we face the increasingly loud elephant in the room and ask a question that has been hinted at by many but not explicitly addressed: Can the structure that allows one to avoid barren plateaus also be leveraged to efficiently simulate the loss classically? We collect evidence-on a case-by-case basis-that many commonly used models whose loss landscapes avoid barren plateaus can also admit classical simulation, provided that one can collect some classical data from quantum devices during an initial data acquisition phase. This follows from the observation that barren plateaus result from a curse of dimensionality, and that current approaches for solving them end up encoding the problem into some small, classically simulable, subspaces. Thus, while stressing that quantum computers can be essential for collecting data, our analysis sheds doubt on the information processing capabilities of many parametrized quantum circuits with provably barren plateau-free landscapes. We end by discussing the (many) caveats in our arguments including the limitations of average case arguments, the role of smart initializations, models that fall outside our assumptions, the potential for provably superpolynomial advantages and the possibility that, once larger devices become available, parametrized quantum circuits could heuristically outperform our analytic expectations. There has been growing evidence that strategies to circumvent the barren plateau problem in variational quantum computing might also kill potential quantum advantages. In this Perspective, the authors gather this evidence, discuss what is still missing to provide a definitive answer, and provide new research directions.

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Type
research article
DOI
10.1038/s41467-025-63099-6
Author(s)
Cerezo, M.

Los Alamos National Laboratory

Larocca, Martín

Los Alamos National Laboratory

García-Martín, Diego

Los Alamos National Laboratory

Diaz, N. L.

Los Alamos National Laboratory

Braccia, Paolo

Los Alamos National Laboratory

Fontana, Enrico

University of Strathclyde

Rudolph, Manuel S.  

École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

Bermejo, Pablo

Donostia International Physics Center

Ijaz, Aroosa

Los Alamos National Laboratory

Thanasilp, Supanut  

École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

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Date Issued

2025-08-25

Publisher

Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Published in
Nature Communications
Volume

16

Issue

1

Article Number

7907

Editorial or Peer reviewed

REVIEWED

Written at

EPFL

EPFL units
QIC  
Available on Infoscience
September 2, 2025
Use this identifier to reference this record
https://infoscience.epfl.ch/handle/20.500.14299/253643
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