This lecture describes the following topics: <br><br> • Dynamic Models <br>    - Conservation of Mass (Concentration Measurements) <br>    - Conservation of Energy (Calorimetry) <br>    - Beer’s Law (Spectroscopy) <br><br> • Integration of Dynamic Models <br>    - Euler’s Method <br>    - Runge-Kutta’s Methods (RK) <br><br> • Linear Regression Problems (OLS) <br>    - Calibration-free Calorimetry and Spectroscopy <br><br> • Gradient-based Nonlinear Regression Methods (NLR) <br>    - Steepest Descent Method <br>    - Newton-Raphson and Newton-Gauss Methods (NG) <br>    - Newton-Gauss Levenberg Marquardt Method (NGLM) <br><br> • References