Translational research in the sleep field, between model organisms and humans, has broadened our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of regulation and associated behaviors, as well as the pathophysiology of certain diseases. In the following chapter, we discuss how different animal models are used and their appropriateness depending on the research questions posed. Furthermore, we detail the various techniques used to extrapolate sleep and waking behavior in these species, as well as what to consider when using those that are behaviorally and anatomically less developed than humans. Finally, we provide some specific use-cases of human disease modeling in these animals.