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  4. Chemical Distribution of Multiple Cation (Rb+, Cs+, MA(+), and FA(+)) Perovskite Materials by Photoelectron Spectroscopy
 
research article

Chemical Distribution of Multiple Cation (Rb+, Cs+, MA(+), and FA(+)) Perovskite Materials by Photoelectron Spectroscopy

Philippe, Bertrand
•
Saliba, Michael  
•
Correa-Baena, Juan-Pablo
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2017
Chemistry Of Materials

Lead-based mixed perovskite materials have emerged in the last couple of years as promising photovoltaic materials. Recently, it was shown that improved material stability can be achieved by incorporating small amounts of inorganic cations (Cs+ and Rb+), partially replacing the more common organic cations (e.g., methylammonium, MA, and formamidinium, FA). Especially, a mixed cation composition containing Rb+, Cs+, MA(+), and FA(+) was recently shown to have beneficial optoelectronic properties and was stable at elevated temperature. This work focuses on the composition of this material using synchrotron-based photoelectron spectroscopy. Different probing depths were considered by changing the photon energy of the X-ray source providing insights on the chemical composition and the chemical distribution near the surface of the samples. Perovskite materials containing two, three, or four monovalent cations were analyzed and compared. The presence of Cs and Rb was observed both at the sample surface and toward the bulk, and we found that in the presence of three or four cations, less unreacted PbI2 remains in the sample. Interestingly, Rb and Cs appear to act jointly resulting in a different cation depth profile compared to that of the triple counterparts. Our findings provide significant understanding of the intricate depth-dependent chemical composition in perovskite materials using the common practice of cation mixing.

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Type
research article
DOI
10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b00126
Web of Science ID

WOS:000400233100028

Author(s)
Philippe, Bertrand
Saliba, Michael  
Correa-Baena, Juan-Pablo
Cappel, Ute B.
Turren-Cruz, Silver-Hamill
Gratzel, Michael  
Hagfeldt, Anders
Rensmo, Hakan
Date Issued

2017

Publisher

American Chemical Society

Published in
Chemistry Of Materials
Volume

29

Issue

8

Start page

3589

End page

3596

Editorial or Peer reviewed

REVIEWED

Written at

EPFL

EPFL units
LPI  
Available on Infoscience
May 30, 2017
Use this identifier to reference this record
https://infoscience.epfl.ch/handle/20.500.14299/137940
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