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research article

Through-thickness compaction response of reinforcement fabrics: Development of a test standard

Yong, A. X.H.
•
Endruweit, A.
•
George, A.
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January 1, 2026
Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing

Characterisation of the compaction response of reinforcement fabrics is an important component in the design of composite manufacturing processes. To standardise a best practice method, 22 international organisations participated in an exercise to assess the viability and reproducibility of the method discussed in this work. All participants were supplied with the same multiaxial E-glass fibre non-crimp fabric and instructed to measure the compaction stress as a function of the specimen thickness following a set of guidelines. The scatter in results between participants was quantified in terms of the coefficient of variation (CV). The CV of the maximum compaction stress determined at a target specimen thickness of 3 mm (for 10 fabric layers) was 42 % for dry specimens and 46 % for wet specimens, however this was influenced by scatter in the thickness values, which deviated from the target. The CV of the specimen thickness at a compaction stress of 105 Pa was 4 %. In addition, a power law model and a model based on bending of beams were fitted to the compaction curves. Both generally produced fits with high values of the coefficient of determination. The observed level of scatter is thought to be caused by issues with the implementation of the procedures and by variability in the specimen properties, as well as the very steep variation of the force/thickness curve at the required target. The guidelines used here aim to minimise inaccuracies in the test method and will be proposed as a test protocol for standardisation.

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Type
research article
DOI
10.1016/j.compositesa.2025.109348
Scopus ID

2-s2.0-105018297510

Author(s)
Yong, A. X.H.

National Physical Laboratory

Endruweit, A.

University of Nottingham

George, A.

Brigham Young University

May, D.

Faserinstitut Bremen e.V.

Aksoy, Y. A.

Delft University of Technology

Ali, M. A.

Khalifa University of Science and Technology

Allen, T.

The University of Auckland

Bender, M.

Technical University of Leoben

Bodaghi, M.

IMT Nord Europe

Caglar, B.

Delft University of Technology

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Date Issued

2026-01-01

Published in
Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing
Volume

200

Article Number

109348

Subjects

Compressibility

•

Fabric/textiles

•

Mechanical testing

Editorial or Peer reviewed

REVIEWED

Written at

EPFL

EPFL units
LPAC  
FunderFunding(s)Grant NumberGrant URL

European Regional Development Fund

Available on Infoscience
October 20, 2025
Use this identifier to reference this record
https://infoscience.epfl.ch/handle/20.500.14299/255049
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