When system identification methodologies are used to interpret measurement data taken from structures, uncertainty dependencies are in many cases unknown due to model simplifications and omissions. This paper presents how error-domain model falsification reveals properties of a structure when uncertainty dependencies are unknown and how incorrect assumptions regarding model-class adequacy are detected. An illustrative example is used to compare results with those from a residual minimization technique and Bayesian inference. Error-domain model falsification correctly identifies parameter values in situations where there are systematic errors, and can detect the presence of unrecognized systematic errors. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.