During past periods of advance, Arctic glaciers and ice sheets overrode soil, sediments, and vegetation and buried significant stores of organic matter (OM); these glaciers are now shrinking rapidly due to climate warming. Little is known about the biogeochemical processing of the OM buried beneath glacier ice which makes the processes associated with deglaciation difficult to predict. Subglacial sediments exposed at receding glacier fronts may represent a legacy of past biogeochemical processes. Here, we analyzed sediments from retreating fronts of 19 Arctic glaciers for their mineralogical and elemental composition, contents of major nutrients, OM biomarkers (aliphatic lipids and lignin-derived phenols), C-14 age, and microbial community structure. We show the character of the sediments is mostly determined by local glaciation history and bedrock lithology. Most subglacial sediments offer high amounts of readily bioavailable phosphorus (i.e., loose, labile, and Fe/Al P fractions) but lack readily accessible carbon substrates. The subglacial OM originated mainly from overridden terrestrial vascular plants. The results of OM biomarker analysis and C-14 dating suggest the OM substrates degrade in the subglacial environment and are reworked by the resident microbial communities. We argue the biogeochemical legacy of the perishing subglacial environments is an important determinant for the early processes of proglacial ecological succession.