Morimoto, KazuhiroCharbon, Edoardo2021-06-192021-06-192021-06-192020-04-2710.1364/OE.389216https://infoscience.epfl.ch/handle/20.500.14299/178982WOS:000530854700043We present a novel guard-ring-sharing technique to push the limit of SPAD pixel miniaturization, and to demonstrate the operation of SPAD arrays with a 2.2 mu m-pitch, the smallest ever reported. Device simulation and preliminary tests suggest that the optimized device design ensures the electrical isolation of SPADs with guard-ring sharing. 4x4 SPAD arrays with two parallel selective readout circuits are designed in 180 nm CMOS technology. SPAD characteristics for the pixel pitch of 2.2, 3, and 4 Inn are systematically measured as a function of an active diameter, active-to-active distance, and excess bias. For a 4 mu m-pitch, the fill factor is 42.4%, the maximum PDP 33.5%, the median DCR 2.5 cps, the timing jitter 88 ps, and the crosstalk probability is 3.57%, while the afterpulsing probability is 0.21%. Finally, we verified the feasibility of the proposed technique towards compact multi-megapixel 3D-stacked SPAD arrays. (C) 2020 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing AgreementOpticsphoton avalanche-diodeimage sensorconversioncrosstalktext::journal::journal article::research article