D'Anna, NicoloFerreira Sanchez, DarioMatmon, GuyBragg, JamieConstantinou, Procopios C.Stock, Taylor J. Z.Fearn, SarahSchofield, Steven R.Curson, Neil J.Bartkowiak, MarekSoh, Y.Grolimund, DanielGerber, SimonAeppli, Gabriel2023-04-102023-04-102023-04-102023-03-2510.1002/aelm.202201212https://infoscience.epfl.ch/handle/20.500.14299/196856WOS:000956254900001The progress of miniaturization in integrated electronics has led to atomic and nanometer-sized dopant devices in silicon. Such structures can be fabricated routinely by hydrogen resist lithography, using various dopants such as P and As. However, the ability to non-destructively obtain atomic-species-specific images of the final structure, which would be an indispensable tool for building more complex nano-scale devices, such as quantum co-processors, remains an unresolved challenge. Here, X-ray fluorescence is exploited to create an element-specific image of As dopants in Si, with dopant densities in absolute units and a resolution limited by the beam focal size (here approximate to 1 mu m), without affecting the device's low temperature electronic properties. The As densities provided by the X-ray data are compared to those derived from Hall effect measurements as well as the standard non-repeatable, scanning tunneling microscopy and secondary ion mass spectroscopy, techniques. Before and after the X-ray experiments, we also measured the magneto-conductance, which is dominated by weak localization, a quantum interference effect extremely sensitive to sample dimensions and disorder. Notwithstanding the 1.5 x 10(10) Sv (1.5 x 10(16) Rad cm(-2)) exposure of the device to X-rays, all transport data are unchanged to within experimental errors, corresponding to upper bounds of 0.2 Angstroms for the radiation-induced motion of the typical As atom and 3% for the loss of activated, carrier-contributing dopants. With next generation synchrotron radiation sources and more advanced optics, the authors foresee that it will be possible to obtain X-ray images of single dopant atoms within resolved radii of 5 nm.Nanoscience & NanotechnologyMaterials Science, MultidisciplinaryPhysics, AppliedScience & Technology - Other TopicsMaterials SciencePhysicsdoped silicon devicesnon-destructive sub-surface imagingx-ray fluorescenceweak-localizationsimagnetoconductancemetrologytext::journal::journal article::research article