Houtkooper, Riekelt H.Cantó, CarlesWanders, Ronald J.Auwerx, Johan2009-12-222009-12-222009-12-22201010.1210/er.2009-0026https://infoscience.epfl.ch/handle/20.500.14299/44907WOS:000276320300004A century after the identification of a coenzymatic activity for NAD(+), NAD(+) metabolism has come into the spotlight again due to the potential therapeutic relevance of a set of enzymes whose activity is tightly regulated by the balance between the oxidized and reduced forms of this metabolite. In fact, the actions of NAD(+) have been extended from being an oxidoreductase cofactor for single enzymatic activities to acting as substrate for a wide range of proteins. These include NAD(+)-dependent protein deacetylases, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases, and transcription factors that affect a large array of cellular functions. Through these effects, NAD(+) provides a direct link between the cellular redox status and the control of signaling and transcriptional events. Of particular interest within the metabolic/endocrine arena are the recent results, which indicate that the regulation of these NAD(+)-dependent pathways may have a major contribution to oxidative metabolism and life span extension. In this review, we will provide an integrated view on: 1) the pathways that control NAD(+) production and cycling, as well as its cellular compartmentalization; 2) the signaling and transcriptional pathways controlled by NAD(+); and 3) novel data that show how modulation of NAD(+)-producing and -consuming pathways have a major physiological impact and hold promise for the prevention and treatment of metabolic disease.Nicotinamide Adenine-DinucleotideQuinolinic Acid PhosphoribosyltransferaseColony-Enhancing FactorPoly(Adp-Ribose) Polymerase GeneRegulates Insulin-SecretionDelays Axonal DegenerationAdp-Ribosylation ReactionsSmall-Molecule ActivatorsPancreatic Beta-CellsCalorie Restrictiontext::journal::journal article::review article