Michalek, Irmina MariaLiu, BianBenn, Emma K. T.dos Santos, Florentino Luciano Caetano2020-02-292020-02-292020-02-292019-08-0110.1016/j.yrtph.2019.04.020https://infoscience.epfl.ch/handle/20.500.14299/166568WOS:000513219700006Background: Skin lightening products containing dangerous levels of chemicals pose a serious health concern for consumers. However, to date, the extent of these products in Europe has not been extensively studied. The aim of this study was to determine whether harmful skin lightening products are available for sale in Europe and what violations exist regarding their composition.Materials and methods: We queried the Rapex database, which is the Rapid Alert System for dangerous non-food products among 31 European countries, to identify skin lightening cosmetics reported between 2005 and 2018, and presented a detailed summary of these notifications.Results: In the years 2005-2018, of all violations regarding cosmetics, 26.3% concerned skin lightening products. In the database, 266 reports on skin lightening products were identified. Most of the notifications came from Germany (17.29%), France (17.29%), Portugal (15.41%), and the United Kingdom (11.65%). The majority of the registered products originated from non-European countries, mainly the Cote d'Ivoire (29.70%). The major reason for the violation was the content of hydroquinone, mercury, or clobetasol propionate.Conclusions: Hazardous skin lightening products that are not in line with European cosmetics legislation are available on the European market. Most of the products are imported. The main risk associated with these products is the content of hydroquinone, mercury, and clobetasol propionate. It is important to bear in mind that this study focuses on the Rapex system and other sources of information may exist. Based on our findings, a more comprehensive evaluation by international authorities is justified.Medicine, LegalPharmacology & PharmacyToxicologyLegal MedicinePharmacology & PharmacyToxicologyskin lightening preparationsskin pigmentationvulnerable populationsheavy metalshydroquinoneclobetasoltopical steroidsheavy-metalscosmetic usehydroquinonemercuryhealthleadpregnancycreamscommontext::journal::journal article::research article