We report impedance measurements of the complex dielectric permittivity epsilon = epsilon' - j epsilon '' of sea ice and laboratory-grown NaCl single crystals using 50 MHz Stevens Water Monitoring Systems Hydra Probes. Temperature cycling of the single-crystal samples shows hydrohalite precipitation, and hysteresis in epsilon' and epsilon '' qualitatively consistent with the expected evolution of brine-inclusion microstructure. Measurements parallel and perpendicular to intra-crystalline brine layers show weak (<10%) anisotropy in epsilon' and a 20-40% difference in epsilon '' due to enhanced d.c. conductivity along the layers. Measurements in landfast, first-year ice near Barrow, Alaska, USA, indicate brine motion in warming ice as the brine volume fraction v(b) increases above 5%. Plots of v(b) derived from salinity profiles against epsilon' and epsilon '' for these and previous measurements display too much variability between datasets for unguided inversion of v(b). Contributing to this variability are intrinsic microstructural dependence, uncertainties in v(b), and sub-representative sample volumes. A standard model of sea-ice permittivity is inverted to derive the apparent brine-inclusion aspect ratio and bulk d.c. conductivity at a spatial scale complementary to previous measurements. We assess Hydra Probe performance in high-salinity environments and conclude that they are not generally suited for autonomous sea-ice salinity measurements, partly due to the range of relevant brine pocket inclusion length scales.