@article{Tran:119530,
      title = {Particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations of beam instabilities  in gyrotrons},
      author = {Tran, T. M. and Jost, G. and Appert, K. and Alberti, S.  and Pedrozzi, M.},
      journal = {Physics of Plasmas},
      number = {8},
      volume = {4},
      pages = {3043-3048},
      year = {1997},
      abstract = {Extensive simulations are performed to investigate effects  of electron cyclotron instabilities on the gyrotron beam  quality, using two-dimensional axisymmetric  particle-in-cell (PIG) codes. Both electrostatic and  electromagnetic models, as well as realistic geometries of  the gyrotron, are considered. It is found that a large beam  density can lead to an electrostatic-instability-induced  energy spread which substantially degrades the gyrotron  efficiency. (C) 1997 American institute of Physics.},
}