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  4. The effect of illumination on the formation of metal halide perovskite films
 
research article

The effect of illumination on the formation of metal halide perovskite films

Ummadisingu, Amita  
•
Steier, Ludmilla  
•
Seo, Ji-Youn  
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2017
Nature

Optimizing the morphology of metal halide perovskite films is an important way to improve the performance of solar cells(1) when these materials are used as light harvesters(2), because film homogeneity is correlated with photovoltaic performance(3). Many device architectures and processing techniques have been explored with the aim of achieving high-performance devices(4), including single-step deposition(5), sequential deposition(6,7) and anti-solvent methods(1,8). Earlier studies have looked at the influence of reaction conditions on film quality(3), such as the concentration of the reactants9,10 and the reaction temperature(11). However, the precise mechanism of the reaction and the main factors that govern it are poorly understood. The consequent lack of control is the main reason for the large variability observed in perovskite morphology and the related solar-cell performance(2,3). Here we show that light has a strong influence on the rate of perovskite formation and on film morphology in both of the main deposition methods currently used: sequential deposition and the anti-solvent method. We study the reaction of a metal halide (lead iodide) with an organic compound (methylammonium iodide) using confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The lead iodide crystallizes before the intercalation of methylammonium iodide commences, producing the methylammonium lead iodide perovskite. We find that the formation of perovskite via such a sequential deposition is much accelerated by light. The influence of light on morphology is reflected in a doubling of solar-cell efficiency. Conversely, using the anti-solvent method to form methyl ammonium lead iodide perovskite in a single step from the same starting materials, we find that the best photovoltaic performance is obtained when films are produced in the dark. The discovery of light-activated crystallization not only identifies a previously unknown source of variability in opto-electronic properties, but also opens up new ways of tuning morphology and structuring perovskites for various applications.

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Type
research article
DOI
10.1038/nature22072
Web of Science ID

WOS:000400963800031

Author(s)
Ummadisingu, Amita  
Steier, Ludmilla  
Seo, Ji-Youn  
Matsui, Taisuke
Abate, Antonio  
Tress, Wolfgang  
Gratzel, Michael  
Date Issued

2017

Publisher

Nature Publishing Group

Published in
Nature
Volume

545

Issue

7653

Start page

208

End page

212

Editorial or Peer reviewed

REVIEWED

Written at

EPFL

EPFL units
LPI  
Available on Infoscience
July 10, 2017
Use this identifier to reference this record
https://infoscience.epfl.ch/handle/20.500.14299/139102
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