A measurement of the dijet production cross section is reported based on proton–proton collision data collected in 2016 at s=13TeV by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of up to 36.3fb-1. Jets are reconstructed with the anti-kT algorithm for distance parameters of R=0.4 and 0.8. Cross sections are measured double-differentially (2D) as a function of the largest absolute rapidity |y|max of the two jets with the highest transverse momenta pT and their invariant mass m1,2, and triple-differentially (3D) as a function of the rapidity separation y∗, the total boost yb, and either m1,2 or the average pT of the two jets. The cross sections are unfolded to correct for detector effects and are compared with fixed-order calculations derived at next-to-next-to-leading order in perturbative quantum chromodynamics. The impact of the measurements on the parton distribution functions and the strong coupling constant at the mass of the Z boson is investigated, yielding a value of αS(mZ)=0.1179±0.0019.