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research article

Chemical activity-based carbon-deposition risk maps for solid oxide fuel cell systems with off-gas recirculation

He, Victoria  
•
Nakajo, Arata
•
Pérez-Fortes, Mar
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2026
Cell Reports Physical Science

Here, we present a methodology for the generalized quantification of the carbon (C)-formation risk in hydrocarbon mixtures based on the normalized chemical activity. An open-source computational thermodynamics tool is coupled to a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stack model to apply and validate this approach with literature data based on methane-fueled SOFC systems with anode off-gas recirculation. Two- and three-dimensional C-formation risk maps valid for all C-H-O mixtures are proposed for a practical, accurate, and meaningful assessment of the trade-off between C-deposition risk and SOFC performance. Compared to conventional risk evaluation methods such as steam-to-carbon ratio (SCR), oxygen-to-carbon ratio (OCR), or C-H-O ternary-phase diagrams, this approach allows a system-agnostic evaluation of different designs operated at varying conditions at a constant C-formation risk margin. The generalized formulation allows integration into process optimization workflows to obtain high-performance system designs with extended stack operating windows.

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Type
research article
DOI
10.1016/j.xcrp.2026.103106
Scopus ID

2-s2.0-105029510307

Author(s)
He, Victoria  

École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

Nakajo, Arata

European Commission Joint Research Centre

Pérez-Fortes, Mar

Faculteit Techniek, Bestuur en Management, TU Delft

Van herle, Jan  

École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

Schiffmann, Jürg  

École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

Date Issued

2026

Published in
Cell Reports Physical Science
Article Number

103106

Subjects

C-H-O mixtures

•

carbon deposition

•

carbon-formation risk

•

chemical activity

•

computational thermodynamics

•

fuel cell lifetime

•

off-gas recirculation

•

risk assessment maps

•

safe operating range

•

solid oxide fuel cell

Editorial or Peer reviewed

REVIEWED

Written at

EPFL

EPFL units
LAMD  
SCI-STI-JVH  
Available on Infoscience
February 16, 2026
Use this identifier to reference this record
https://infoscience.epfl.ch/handle/20.500.14299/259474
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