To identify and address health and safety challenges, first, I conducted a screening of fecal pathogens in source-separated urine. The pathogen inactivation performance of two innovative fertilizer production technologies was then evaluated in laboratory and field conditions. An in-depth assessment of the main mechanisms leading to pathogen inactivation during fertilizer production suggested nuanced adjustments in the treatment to yield more hygienic outcomes. Finally, occupational exposure and risks of infection during fertilizer production were evaluated using innovative exposure analysis techniques and modeling. Quantitatively identifying risks in this way will allow development of strategies to promote innovation and overcome barriers to safe and sustainable sanitation.