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  4. Autocorrelation Bias in Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy Observable via SPAD Arrays
 
research article

Autocorrelation Bias in Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy Observable via SPAD Arrays

Wu, Melissa M.
•
Kreiss, Lucas
•
Wayne, Michael A.  
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2025
IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics

Diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) is an emerging optical technique for non-invasive cerebral blood flow monitoring. Extraction of the DCS blood flow index typically involves calculating the temporal autocorrelation of the measured light intensity and then fitting its decay to a solution of the correlation diffusion equation. It is well-known that the experimental autocorrelation is a biased estimator of the true autocorrelation. This work explores this phenomenon as it relates to DCS, in particular implementations with single photon avalanche diode arrays (SPAD arrays). After deriving a first-order expression for the bias in DCS, we then quantify its impact as a function of sampling time in both simulation and experiment using SPAD array detection. We then present and explore two bias correction strategies to correct for its impact at fast sampling times (20-200 Hz) and in low-photon regimes.

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Type
research article
DOI
10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3637165
Scopus ID

2-s2.0-105023486001

Author(s)
Wu, Melissa M.

Pratt School of Engineering

Kreiss, Lucas

Pratt School of Engineering

Wayne, Michael A.  

École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

Robinson, Mitchell B.

Massachusetts General Hospital

Bruschini, Claudio  

École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

Charbon, Edoardo  

École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

Horstmeyer, Roarke

Pratt School of Engineering

Date Issued

2025

Published in
IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics
Subjects

autocorrelation

•

bias

•

diffuse correlation spectroscopy

•

parallelized

•

SPAD array

Editorial or Peer reviewed

REVIEWED

Written at

EPFL

EPFL units
AQUA  
FunderFunding(s)Grant NumberGrant URL

National Defense Science and Engineering

Air Force Office of Scientific Research

FA9550-21-1-0401

Available on Infoscience
December 9, 2025
Use this identifier to reference this record
https://infoscience.epfl.ch/handle/20.500.14299/256872
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