A search is presented for three additional operators that would lead to anomalousWW$\gamma$ or WWZ couplings with respect to those in the standard model. They are constrained by studying events with two vector bosons; a W boson decaying to e$\nu$ or $\mu\nu$, and a W or Z boson decaying hadronically, reconstructed as a single, massive, large-radius jet. The search uses a data set of proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, recorded by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC in 2016, and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb$^{-1}$. Using the reconstructed diboson invariant mass, 95% confidence intervals are obtained for the anomalous coupling parameters of $-$1.58 $< c_\mathrm{WWW}/\Lambda^2 <$ 1.59 TeV$^{-2}$, $-$2.00 $< c_\mathrm{W}/\Lambda^2 <$ 2.65 TeV$^{-2}$, and $-$8.78$ < c_\mathrm{B}/\Lambda^2 <$ 8.54 TeV$^{-2}$, in agreement with standard model expectations of zero for each parameter. These are the strictest bounds on these parameters to date.