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  4. Room-temperature, 96×96 pixel 3D-stacked InGaAs/InP SPAD sensor with complementary gating for flash LiDAR
 
research article

Room-temperature, 96×96 pixel 3D-stacked InGaAs/InP SPAD sensor with complementary gating for flash LiDAR

Yildirim, Halil Kerim  
•
Rustige, Pascal
•
Kizilkan, Ekin  
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February 9, 2026
Optics Express

A room-temperature 3D-stacked flash LiDAR sensor is presented for the short-wave infrared (SWIR). The 96×96 InGaAs-InP SPAD array in the top tier is biased by a circuit at the bottom tier that implements a complementary cascoded gating at the pixel level to control noise and afterpulsing. The bottom-tier chip is fabricated in a 110-nm CMOS technology. The sensor is tested with a 1550nm laser operating at 100µW to 3.1mW average power. The SPADs are gated with 3ns pulses with 500ps skew. Intensity images and depth maps are shown both indoors and outdoors at 10m in 120 klux background light with telemetry up to 100m, having better than 2% accuracy.

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Type
research article
DOI
10.1364/OE.585267
Scopus ID

2-s2.0-105029378593

Author(s)
Yildirim, Halil Kerim  

École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

Rustige, Pascal

Fraunhofer-Institut für Nachrichtentechnik Heinrich-Hertz-Institut

Kizilkan, Ekin  

École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

Karaca, Utku  

École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

Efe, Bariş Can  

École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

Keshavarzian, Pouyan  

École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

Stölmacker, Christoph

Ferdinand-Braun-Institut, Leibniz-Institut für Höchstfrequenztechnik

Bruschini, Claudio  

École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

Runge, Patrick

Fraunhofer-Institut für Nachrichtentechnik Heinrich-Hertz-Institut

Charbon, Edoardo  

École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

Date Issued

2026-02-09

Published in
Optics Express
Volume

34

Issue

3

Start page

5064

End page

5078

Editorial or Peer reviewed

REVIEWED

Written at

EPFL

EPFL units
AQUA  
FunderFunding(s)Grant NumberGrant URL

Swiss Innovation Agency

SPICE 108.804 IP-ENG

National Research Council Canada

HTSN203

Available on Infoscience
February 16, 2026
Use this identifier to reference this record
https://infoscience.epfl.ch/handle/20.500.14299/259492
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