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  4. Stochastic Risk-driven Bidding of a Solar and Storage Aggregator in Primary Frequency and Energy Markets: A Performance-based Capacity Allocation Approach
 
research article

Stochastic Risk-driven Bidding of a Solar and Storage Aggregator in Primary Frequency and Energy Markets: A Performance-based Capacity Allocation Approach

Hamidi, Amir
•
Hamzeh, Mohsen
•
Bozorg, Mokhtar
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November 10, 2024
Journal of Energy Storage

The ever-increasing impact of deploying renewable energy resources reducing power system inertia, requires distributed energy resource (DER) aggregators to secure high-performance, fast-responding primary frequency reserve (PFR) in ancillary service markets. However, enabling immediate and local regulation of the operating point upon detecting frequency deviations imposes the necessity of allocating specific headroom for DERs. The individual headroom susceptibility to uncertainty and response speed of a certain DER not only compromises aggregated headroom performance in the PFR market but also leads to incurring unnecessary opportunity costs in the energy market and inadequate frequency control in the power system. To address this challenge, this paper introduces an integrated probabilistic performance index for DERs that considers their individual interactive heterogeneous response speed and uncertainty. Using this index, aggregators overseeing photovoltaic and smart buildings equipped with energy storage can evaluate, allocate, and remunerate optimal headroom capacity for individual DERs based on their performance. This approach ensures maximum aggregated profits and minimum opportunity costs in the PFR and energy markets while improving the performance of the provided PFR capacity, respectively. These tasks are aimed by a novel optimal capacity allocation strategy for an aggregator in both markets. This strategy employs a mixed-integer linear programming model to find the optimal solution and the conditional value-at-risk measure to tackle the uncertainties faced with the problem. The efficiency of the proposed model is assessed within a system reflecting the ERCOT market structure, demonstrating improved aggregated headroom performance, reduced energy opportunity costs, diminished risk of capacity shortage, and improved load frequency control (LFC) from the power system perspective.

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Type
research article
DOI
10.1016/j.est.2024.113862
Scopus ID

2-s2.0-85205692217

Author(s)
Hamidi, Amir

University of Tehran

Hamzeh, Mohsen

University of Tehran

Bozorg, Mokhtar

University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland

Cherkaoui, Rachid  

École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

Date Issued

2024-11-10

Published in
Journal of Energy Storage
Volume

101

Article Number

113862

Subjects

Aggregator

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Bidding strategy

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Conditional Value-at-risk (C-VaR)

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Energy storage systems

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Frequency regulation

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Load frequency control (LFC)

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Performance-based capacity allocation

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Primary frequency reserve (PFR)

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Stochastic optimization

Editorial or Peer reviewed

REVIEWED

Written at

EPFL

EPFL units
DESL  
Available on Infoscience
January 25, 2025
Use this identifier to reference this record
https://infoscience.epfl.ch/handle/20.500.14299/243906
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