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research article

Investigating the Impact of Supernova Feedback on Satellites in Elliptical Galaxies

Kim, Sumi
•
Choi, Ena
•
Quirk, Amanda C.N.
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September 1, 2025
Astrophysical Journal

We investigate the influence of supernova (SN) feedback on the satellites of elliptical host galaxies using hydrodynamic simulations. Utilizing a modified version of the GADGET-3 code, we perform cosmological zoom-in simulations of 11 elliptical galaxies with stellar masses in the range 1011M⊙ < M* < 2 × 1011M⊙. We conduct two sets of simulations with identical initial conditions: a fiducial model, which includes a three-phase SN mechanical wind, and a weak SN feedback model, where nearly all SN energy is released as thermal energy with a reduced SN wind velocity. Our comparison shows minimal differences in the elliptical host galaxies, but significant variations in the physical properties of satellite galaxies. The weak SN feedback model produces a larger number of satellite galaxies compared to the fiducial model, and significantly more than observed. For satellite galaxies with stellar masses above 108M⊙, the weak SN feedback model generates approximately 5 times more satellites than observed in the Extending the Satellites Around Galactic Analogs Survey (or xSAGA) survey. Most of these overproduced satellites have small stellar masses, below 1010M⊙. Additionally, satellites in the weak SN feedback model are about 3.5 times more compact than those observed in the SAGA survey and the fiducial model, with metallicities nearly 1 dex higher than observed values. In conclusion, the satellite galaxies in the fiducial model, which includes mechanical SN feedback, exhibit properties that more closely align with observations. This underscores the necessity of incorporating both mechanical active galactic nuclei and SN feedback to reproduce the observed properties of elliptical galaxies and their satellites in simulations.

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Type
research article
DOI
10.3847/1538-4357/adec96
Scopus ID

2-s2.0-105013765859

Author(s)
Kim, Sumi

University of Seoul

Choi, Ena

University of Seoul

Quirk, Amanda C.N.

Columbia University

Somerville, Rachel S.

Simons Foundation

Naab, Thorsten

Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics

Ostriker, Jeremiah P.

Columbia University

Hirschmann, Michaela  

École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

Date Issued

2025-09-01

Published in
Astrophysical Journal
Volume

990

Issue

1

Article Number

4

Editorial or Peer reviewed

REVIEWED

Written at

EPFL

EPFL units
GALSPEC  
FunderFunding(s)Grant NumberGrant URL

POSCO

National Research Foundation of Korea

POSCO TJ Park Foundation

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Available on Infoscience
September 2, 2025
Use this identifier to reference this record
https://infoscience.epfl.ch/handle/20.500.14299/253660
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