Several lines of research point to a key role of low oxygen supply (hypoxia) in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. Although severe hypoxia is detrimental for the brain, physiological adaptations to mild hypoxia are neuroprotective. Herein we discuss, how neuroprotective effects can be induced by hypoxia conditioning and how related approaches have the potential to be harnessed as therapeutic strategies in Parkinson's disease. (C) 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society