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research article

Fingerprinting the reactive toxicity pathways of 50 drinking water disinfection by-products

Stalter, Daniel
•
O'Malley, Elissa
•
Von Gunten, Urs  
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2016
Water Research

A set of nine in vitro cellular bioassays indicative of different stages of the cellular toxicity pathway was applied to 50 disinfection by-products (DBPs) to obtain a better understanding of the commonalities and differences in the molecular mechanisms of reactive toxicity of DBPs. An Eschericia coli test battery revealed reactivity towards proteins/peptides for 64% of the compounds. 98% activated the NRf2-mediated oxidative stress response and 68% induced an adaptive stress response to genotoxic effects as indicated by the activation of the tumor suppressor protein p53. All DBPs reactive towards DNA in the E. coli assay and activating p53 also induced oxidative stress, confirming earlier studies that the latter could trigger DBP's carcinogenicity. The energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital ELumo as reactivity descriptor was linearly correlated with oxidative stress induction for trihalomethanes (r(2) = 0.98) and haloacetamides (r(2) = 0.58), indicating that potency of these DBPs is connected to electrophilicity. However, the descriptive power was poor for haloacetic acids (HAAs) and haloacetonitriles (r(2) < 0.06). For HAAs, we additionally accounted for speciation by including the acidity constant with ELumo in a two-parameter multiple linear regression model. This increased r(2) to >0.80, indicating that HAAs' potency is connected to both, electrophilicity and speciation. Based on the activation of oxidative stress response and the soft electrophilic character of most tested DBPs we hypothesize that indirect genotoxicity e.g., through oxidative stress induction and/or enzyme inhibition is more plausible than direct DNA damage for most investigated DBPs. The results provide not only a mechanistic understanding of the cellular effects of DBPs but the effect concentrations may also serve to evaluate mixture effects of DBPs in water samples. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Type
research article
DOI
10.1016/j.watres.2015.12.047
Web of Science ID

WOS:000371189100003

Author(s)
Stalter, Daniel
•
O'Malley, Elissa
•
Von Gunten, Urs  
•
Escher, Beate I.
Date Issued

2016

Publisher

Elsevier

Published in
Water Research
Volume

91

Start page

19

End page

30

Subjects

Disinfection byproduct

•

Oxidative stress

•

p53 activation

•

QSAR

•

Electrophilicity

•

Mutagenicity

Peer reviewed

REVIEWED

Written at

EPFL

EPFL units
LTQE  
Available on Infoscience
April 1, 2016
Use this identifier to reference this record
https://infoscience.epfl.ch/handle/20.500.14299/125242
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